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Today's starter motor is normally a permanent-magnet composition or a series-parallel wound direct current electrical motor along with a starter solenoid mounted on it. As soon as current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, basically through a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever which pushes out the drive pinion which is located on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion using the starter ring gear that is seen on the flywheel of the engine.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, that begins to turn. After the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by an overrunning clutch. This permits the pinion to transmit drive in only one direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular manner via the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion remains engaged, for instance as the operator fails to release the key once the engine starts or if there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged. This causes the pinion to spin independently of its driveshaft.
This aforementioned action stops the engine from driving the starter. This is actually an essential step since this particular kind of back drive would enable the starter to spin really fast that it will fly apart. Unless adjustments were made, the sprag clutch arrangement would prevent using the starter as a generator if it was employed in the hybrid scheme mentioned prior. Normally an average starter motor is intended for intermittent utilization which will preclude it being utilized as a generator.
Thus, the electrical components are designed to be able to function for about under 30 seconds so as to avoid overheating. The overheating results from very slow dissipation of heat because of ohmic losses. The electrical parts are designed to save weight and cost. This is the reason the majority of owner's manuals used for vehicles recommend the driver to stop for at least ten seconds after each 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, whenever trying to start an engine that does not turn over immediately.
In the early 1960s, this overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased onto the market. Previous to that time, a Bendix drive was utilized. The Bendix system operates by placing the starter drive pinion on a helically cut driveshaft. Once the starter motor starts turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, therefore engaging with the ring gear. When the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear enables the pinion to surpass the rotating speed of the starter. At this moment, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and therefore out of mesh with the ring gear.
The development of Bendix drive was developed in the 1930's with the overrunning-clutch design referred to as the Bendix Folo-Thru drive, made and launched in the 1960s. The Folo-Thru drive consists of a latching mechanism along with a set of flyweights inside the body of the drive unit. This was much better because the average Bendix drive utilized to be able to disengage from the ring when the engine fired, even though it did not stay running.
The drive unit if force forward by inertia on the helical shaft when the starter motor is engaged and begins turning. Then the starter motor becomes latched into the engaged position. Once the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is achieved by the starter motor itself, for instance it is backdriven by the running engine, and next the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and permits the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, hence unwanted starter disengagement can be prevented before a successful engine start.