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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling which is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or also known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs used for always changeable transmissions which have the ability to multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one type which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional component which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components within a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any situation and this is where the term stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications that have been incorporated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples include the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and to improve cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
